There are two ways in which object files may be linked: statically and dynamically.

Static linking is fairly straightforward, the linker takes in all the object files and archive files (libc.a) and creates a single self-contained binary containing all the required functionality. This is done at the end of compilation itself.

Dynamic linking is a slightly more complex and involved process. It defers the linking part from compile time to runtime. The binary contains the information about its choice of runtime linker (also referred to as an interpreter) and the dynamic symbols and how to obtain them.

This is done simply by loading the ELF into memory and starting the execution from the entry point of the program. Everything proceeds regularly after that.

The system first executes the file's "interpreter" before handing over execution to the binary. Over here, the interpreter is obtained from the .interp section in the PT_INTERP segment in memory. This can be read using readelf -p .interp example.

$ readelf -p .interp example

String dump of section '.interp':
  [     0]  /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2

The interpreter loads the binary into memory first.

The interpreter sets up the environment using the .dynamic section of the binary. This can be seen using readelf -d executable.

In this, the interpreter will recursively begin visiting all the NEEDED dynamic libraries to be loaded into memory. For each dependency, the following steps are executed:

• The ELF is mapped into memory.
• Relocations are performed, in the original binary we patch all the absolute addresses and resolve references to other object files.
• Its dynamic table is parsed and dependencies loaded.
• Run dl_init, which executes all the functions from INIT, and INIT_ARRAY for the just loaded libraries.

Now the control is handed over to _start in the ELF binary. That gets the pointer to _dl_fini in rdx. This prepares the stack with a few arguments and calls _libc_start_main.

_libc_start_main receives a function pointer to main, init, fini, and rtld_fini (this is the same as dl_fini).

This function has a bunch of things going on, such as setting up of thread local storage and such. Here we only care about two things:

• __cxa_atexit__ which sets up _dl_fini as the destructor after the program is done.
• A call to call_init that run the constructors in the INIT and INIT_ARRAY dynamic table entries. Note that dl_init was for the entries in the shared libraries themselves, but this is for the binary.
• Finally, control after this is handed over to main.
• Immediately after main, exit is called. This only transfers the control to __run_exit_handlers.
• This runs all the functions registered in __exit_funcs which also contains _dl_fini.